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... a politician who is said to have been generously devoted to the good of his constituency.

Jacques-Louis attended school in Grasse but World War II meant that France became an occupied country while he was studying. At the end of 1943, although he was only 15 years old, he joined the French Resistance showing great determination to free his country. While serving with the French Free Forces of the Interior, he met a girl Andrée Olivier, also from the south of France, who was in the Resistance. They later married, on 21 August 1950, and their only child, Pierre-Louis Lions , was born in 1956. He has become as famous a mathematician as his famous father and he too has a biography in this archive.

In 1946 Lions left the Collège de Grasse and studied for one year at the Lycée Félix-Faure in Nice. While there he was advised by an examiner, after an oral exam, to sit the entrance examinations for the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. It was good advice indeed! Passing the examinations he studied at the École Normale Supérieure from 1947 to 1950. Most students from the École Normale Supérieure went on to become school teachers but Lions, and his friend and fellow student Bernard Malgrange, decided that they wanted to become university teachers. Spending 1950-51 at the École Normale Supérieure, Lions was awarded a grant from the National Centre for Scientific Research to enable him to undertake doctoral studies which he did at the University of Nancy under the supervision of Laurent Schwartz .

In becoming a student of Schwartz , Lions was being supervised by an outstanding mathematician who had the previous year won a Fields medal. Schwartz had received the medal at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Harvard on 30 August 1950 for his work on the theory of distributions. Schwartz had made a big breakthrough in the understanding of partial differential equations which he saw should be completely recast in the context of distribution theory. Lions was one of several students who Schwartz directed to take this new approach and his doctoral thesis developed what has become the standard variational theory of linear elliptic and evolution equations. Lions received his Docteur ès sciences in 1954 and he was appointed Maître de Conférences at Nancy. Later he became Professor in the Faculty of Science there, remaining until 1963. During the years 1954 to 1957 Lions held a number of visiting appointments in the United States, India and Japan.

It is an impossible task to indicate all the areas in which Lions worked, his output was so enormous; Mathematical Reviews lists 529 papers and books under his name. We make this point before we say anything about the mathematics he studied since as soon as we mention topics he studied the reader should be aware that Lions would be studying many other problems which we are not mentioning at the same time. This said, let us remark that Lions was very fond of collaborating with other mathematicians and during his time at Nancy he was collaborating with several Italian mathematicians. In one of these collaborations with Enrico Magenes, they were investigating inhomogeneous boundary problems for elliptic equations and inhomogeneous initial-boundary value problems for parabolic and hyperbolic evolution equations. The work which Lions did in this area, both by himself and in collaboration with Magenes, was included in their three volume treatise Problèmes aux limites non homogènes et applications. Volumes 1 and 2 were published in 1968 with the third volume appearing in 1970:

... the results are deep and penetrating and the exposition is masterful. It is a work to be recommended to every serious student of partial differential equations and particularly to those who are fascinated by the manner in which modern functional analysis has aided and influenced their study.

As was typical in France at this time, university professors began their careers in the provinces and if they were successful enough could be promoted to a chair in Paris. Lions followed this pattern when he was appointed Professor in the Faculty of Science of the University of Paris in 1963. He had been quick to see the impact that computers would have on mathematics and among many problems he had considered while in Nancy were applications of numerical methods to scientific problems. In Paris he began a weekly numerical analysis seminar series and, later, he set up a numerical analysis laboratory. Although at this stage Lions did not publish on the topic, the lecture notes from graduate courses he gave on numerical analysis began to circulate and be used to set up numerical analysis courses in other institutions. In 1966, in addition to his post in the Faculty of Science, Lions became a part-time professor at the École Polytechnique; an appointment he held until 1986.

France passed the Orientation Act in 1968 reforming higher education. In particular the University of Paris was to be split into thirteen separate universities from 1970. Lions chose to work in Paris VI, the university which was later named Université Pierre et Marie Curie. In 1973, at a very young age, he was elected to the Académie des Sciences . In the same year he became Professor in the Collège de France when he was named to the chair of Analyse Mathématique des Systèmes et de leur contrôle. Roger Teman in explains what Lions had in mind when he chose this title for his chair:

The systems he had in mind are those described by linear and nonlinear partial differential equations. Analysis meant here everything from the most abstract existence theorems to approximation and numerical issues and computer implementations; control would come later.

He had already published a major work on control of systems Contrôle optimal de systèmes gouvernés par des équations aux dérivées partielles in 1968 which investigates deterministic optimisation problems involving partial differential equations. One notable feature of this work is that Lions introduces an infinite dimensional version of the Riccati equation in it.

Let us describe one or two more major treatises by Lions. He published Quelques méthodes de résolution des problèmes aux limites non linéaires in 1969. L Cesari, reviewing this important work, writes that Lions:

... reports on methods of solving nonlinear boundary value problems for partial differential equations, on a theoretical and functional analysis basis. The vast material is organized into four chapters, according to methods. In all cases the methods are shown to yield existence theorems.

(1) Methods based on compactness. By this we mean that approximate solutions are constructed by a reduction of the problem to a finite-dimensional one, and these are then shown to form a relatively compact family in a suitable topology, by means of a priori estimates and other evaluations. ...

(2) Methods based on monotonicity. The same scheme as above, except that the passage to the limit is facilitated by monotonicity properties of the operators under consideration ...

(3) Methods of regularization, viscosity methods and penalty methods. These comprise methods in which the approximate solutions are regularized, or smoothed, before the passage to the limit is performed

(4) Methods of successive approximation, Newton 's method, discretisation, decomposition methods. Here a number of approaches are discussed, some rather classical, some which have become familiar since the advent of electronic computers ...

Perhaps the most outstanding contribution by Lions was the vast treatise Mathematical analysis and numerical methods for science and technology which he wrote with Robert Dautray. This work is in nine volumes published in 1984 and 1985 and contains about 4000 pages. It really assembled into a consistent whole all his previous work, but also included many generalisations which went well beyond the original works. Here is what each of the five volumes covers:

Vol. 1. Physical origins and classical methods.
Vol. 2. Functional and variational methods.
Vol. 3. Spectral theory and applications.
Vol. 4. Integral equations and numerical methods.
Vol. 5. The operator spectrum.
Vol. 6. Integral and numerical methods.
Vol. 7. Evolution: Fourier , Laplace .
Vol. 8. Evolution: semigroups, variational methods.
Vol. 9. Evolution: numerical methods, transport.

With this incredible output of work it is hard to believe that Lions would have time for anything else. However, he managed to find time to make many other contributions outside his mathematical research. He was President of many organisations: Institut National de Recherches en informatique et en Automatique (1980-1984); Centre National d'études Spatiales (1984-19920; Conseil Scientifique d'électricité de France (1986-1992); Comité Scientifique de la Météorologie Nationale (1990-2001); International Mathematical Union (1991-1995); Académie des Sciences (1996-1998); and Conseil Scientifique de France Telecom (1998-2001).

In his capacity as President of the International Mathematical Union he proposed that the year 2000 become World Mathematical Year. This led to many events world-wide which enhanced the image of mathematics with the general public.

Perhaps we should say more about his work as President of the Académie des Sciences . In this role he was required in 1997 by the French President, Jacques Chirac, to produce a document detailing the world-wide state of the art in each of the following areas and make proposals :

... access to knowledge for all and electronic processing of information; knowledge of our planet and ways of life; and understanding life systems and improving health care of all.

Given this unbelievably wide remit, Lions set up Committee 2000 with himself as chairman, setting himself the target of completing the task by the year 2000. He succeeded, and the report was handed personally by Lions to President Chirac on 25 January 2000 in a ceremony at the Elysée Palace.

We have mentioned a few honours that Lions received. We should mention a few more, although again space makes it impossible to give the full list. He was an invited lecturer at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1958, 1970, and 1974. Among the prizes he won are the John Von Neumann Prize in 1986, the Prize of Japan in 1991, the Harvey Prize from Technion in 1991, the Daedalon Gold Medal for Science and Technology from Greece in 1991, and W T et Idalia Reid Prize from the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 1998. He was elected an honorary member of over twenty learned societies and academies world-wide. He received honorary degrees from nineteen universities world-wide. He received the following distinctions: Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur (1993); Grand Officier dans l'Ordre National du Mérite (1998); Ordre du Soleil Levant, étoile d'Or et d'Argent (1998).

Let us record some of the tributes made to him after his death.

Roger Teman writes :

Jacques-Louis Lions was a scientist of remarkable prescience and immense energy. His vision extended to the development of entire areas of mathematical science. He understood that mathematics can make a great contribution to science, and he worked to see this goal realised.

Peter D Lax writes :

Lions had an open, friendly, generous personality, with a light touch and a subtle sense of humour.

Enrico Magenes writes :

... I had the opportunity to fully appreciate the intellectual and human qualities of Lions: his unaffected manners; his commitment and energy in work; his rapidity of intuition and decision; his openness to new ideas and new problems in a body of knowledge that increased more and more over time, even outside mathematics; his love of freedom; and his respect for the opinions of others.

John Ball said ( see ):

Jacques-Louis Lions was a man of considerable personal magnetism and charm, whose charisma, brilliance as a teacher, and accessibility attracted other to work with him.

Pierre Bernhard writes:

... to his co-workers and friends, he will be much more remembered as a man of great vision and wisdom, always available when you would need his advice, with a solid sense of humour even in serious situations and a great care for individuals. He was such a nice personality that his charm would operate on everybody around him, from clerks to angered union leaders, who would feel that they had really been listened to and taken seriously. This man, who accomplished more in any time span than several of us together, never seemed to be in a hurry. ...

Seldom has a single man displayed so many abilities and gifts, seldom will a scientist be so much missed by his colleagues and friends.

Source:School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland